Malthus And Starving Essays - Demographic Economics, Demography

Malthus And Starving The United Nations projects that the global population, currently at 6 billion, will peak at about 10 billion in the next century and then stabilize or even decline. A question immediately following the statement, can the Earth feed that many people? It is understood that even if food crops increase sufficiently, other renewable resources, including many fisheries and forests, are already under pressure. Our food production doubled from 1961 to 1994, but there are still people who go hungry. This is because the human population has increased more rapidly than the food production. One of the well-known economists Thomas Robert Malthus claimed that there was an imbalance between population growth and our ability to produce food. In his famous work, An Essay on the Principle of Population, his principle of population was based on three main points: population cannot increase without the means of subsistence; population invariable increases when the means of subsistence are available; and the superior power of population cannot be checked without producing misery or vice. When taking into account Malthus principle of population it is evident that his fundamental analysis of population has been proven right. Since the earth resources are finite, when human population increases, it affects human beings. Will there be a problem if population keeps increasing? Rapid population growth and the technical development of society have led to difficulties for farmers worldwide to maintain this dual compatibility. In fact, today farmers face demands for a high productivity as well as environmentally sound, sustainable farming practices. Some economists believe human beings have the ability to produce enough food to feed all the people in the world, but according to Malthus theory, this cannot happen. When the number of people keeps increasing while the amount of available food stays the same or even declines, human beings will face a scarcity of resources and overpopulation in the world. This is what happening right now. According to a well known biologist-Paul R. Ehrlich, who said The amount of food available restrains the size of any animal population, unless space, disease, predators, or some other factor sets lower limits. What he means is that food production is an element that control our population growth, this is because people cannot survive without food. When his idea is observed, it is evident that his idea is similar to Malthus principle of population. Malthus stated, there is an imbalance between our ability to produce food and our ability to produce children. (Malthus 80) He said human beings are far better at making babies than are at finding food for survival. This problem, exists in all past and present societies, and must also exist in any future society as well. Therefore Malthus and Paul both agreed that the population could not increase without an increase of food. Without an excessive population, the world fertile land can produce enough food, or even excess food. There will be a sufficient amount of natural resources reserve of human beings. Therefore the faster the population increases; the more resources will be used. When population keeps increasing, earth environment will be put into greater danger, the overexploitation of natural resources will continue and poverty will rise in most of the world countries. It is because more people consume more food and more resources to keep their needs. As a result, if there is not enough food, human population will decline. Malthus stated, the power of population to grow was indefinitely greater than the power of the earth to produce subsistence. (Malthus, 70) He also said that there was a difference between population growth and food supply. (msumusik.mursuky.edu/~felwell/http/malthus/index) The difference is that the population increases by a geometric progression but the amount of subsistence increases by arithmetic progression. When Malthus wrote his principle in 1798, he already predicted that in the future, the population would exceed the amount of food. This is because population grows according to the geometric progression (1, 2, 4, 8, 16..), and the means of subsistence grows according to the arithmetic progression (1, 2, 3, 4..) When our population exceeds the amount of food, people who cannot get food will experience hunger. As the human numbers increase, deterioration of water quality and destruction of animal and plant communities increase too. Water pollution has been partly caused by population growth. Humans consumed, stored and diverted water and used it to carry away wastes without regard to health or ecological consequences. Therefore, overpopulation not just threatens food supply, but also water supply. As human numbers continue to rise, they create needs for land for purposes other than

How to Write an Informal Essay

How to Write an Informal Essay How to Write an Informal Essay Purpose of an Informal Essay The purpose of an informal essay is mainly for entertainment and enjoyment. An information essay is written in a relaxed style, but still has a definite structure to it. When writing an information essay, you are free to express your opinion more openly than with a formal essay. Informal essays are used to write about personal experiences, controversies, news issues, etc. Unlike a formal essay, an informal essay has a conversational or amusing tone, to appeal to the reader’s sense of fascination. Informal essays are not necessarily politically correct because they are of a laid back nature. Segments of an Informal Essay Even though an essay is informal, it still needs to be written with an organized structure to it with the following segments: The Purpose The Title The Body The Conclusion Purpose Even though this type of essay is informal, you still need a valid thesis statement that gives the reader an idea of the purpose of the essay. This would be the main idea of your topic. Title Just like with a formal essay, your title is an important element of your essay. The title often lets a person know whether or not your essay is worth their time. Many people will read an essay just because of its title. The title should persuade the reader and let them know the main idea of the essay. Body With an informal essay, you can use a few effective techniques for the body. For example, you can use the ‘compression’ technique. This stresses the important points of the essay to the reader. Another technique is ‘time inversion’. With this, you begin the essay by detailing the middle part of the story first and then go from there. Yet, another informal essay writing technique is called ‘withholding’, where you provoke questions from the readers but you do not give them the information. ‘Foreshadowing’ is another informal technique that uses a thriller connotation and remains unpredictable to the reader. No matter what technique you use, the body of your essay gives the reader a full view of your essay topic. The body of the essay describes the main content of your story. The body should also contain all of the key points about the topic, and it is good for the essay to contain a paragraph on each key point. Conclusion As with any essay, the conclusion sums up all of the key points, the purpose, and the topic. In addition, all of this should tie back into your introduction and summarize the purpose of the essay. Also, with an informal essay, be sure that it still has structure even though it is written for pleasure purposes. At you will get quality informal essay help from certified academic writers. All custom informal essays are of the finest quality and written from scratch. Fill in the order form now!

Acceptable Use Policy & Security Audit Assignment

Acceptable Use Policy & Security Audit - Assignment Example The policy has numerous advantages including governing the traffic into the IT resources or data. Such traffic monitoring are often intended towards reducing network congestion and preventing chances performance degradation. The owner of the policy is usually responsible for the users’ behaviors on the computers; therefore, anyone who is not authorized to the network cannot use the same. This notes that anyone accessing such computers without full authority of the owner constitutes to ill behavior to the policy. For instance, using someone’s name to access the resources and changing the access code among others. In other words, private computers cannot be used in such a computer network system. Those who violate AUP are liable to numerous disciplinary actions where each action taken depends on the degree of the offence and the relationship of the offender and the policy owner (Wright, Freedman, and Liu 220). For instance, if the violation is reported in learning institutions, the culprit may lose the institution’s computer privileges as well as facing possible termination, suspension, or expulsion from the institution. In some cases, such violation may lead to jail terms. Wright, Craig, Brian Freedman, and Dale Liu.  The It Regulatory and Standards Compliance Handbook: [how to Survive an Information Systems Audit and Assessments]. Burlington, MA: Syngress Pub, 2008. Internet

COLLABORATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

COLLABORATION - Essay Example While collaboration is a necessary element of achieving group progress there are a number of conflicts that care arise during the collaborative process. In these regards, it’s possible that the group has personality conflicts that make teamwork difficult. Another conflict could occur if some group members do not do equal work to that of other group members. Still another potential conflict could occur if the group has creative difference and disagree on the direction of the group. There are a number of ways the group can solve these conflicts. In these regards, it’s important to engender an environment of mutual respect and consideration. Groups that are able to develop such chemistry are more apt to find success through an open and supportive collaborative process. Another helpful element would be for a leader to emerge that could mediate some of the conflicts within the group. Ultimately, group conflicts take on a myriad of forms and situational responses need to be d eveloped to these challenges in

Organ Donation Ethical Issues

Organ Donation Ethical Issues The need for the organ transplant is increasing in our sector of health care as more and more end stage diseases are being diagnosed. Organ transplantation may be a life-saving option, but they are not without their challenges and risks. The concept of organ transplantation is both miraculous and challenging at the same time. Whether a patient needs a new kidney, liver, heart, or lung, there are multiple issues that the patient and the family need to deal with. They involve decisions before the transplantation and medical issues postoperatively. An organ transplant bill that had been under study with the senate since 1992 was finally approved on 5 September 2007 as A Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Ordinance 2007 by the Government of Pakistan, and many illegal organ donation and transplantation centers were closed down and many senior doctors involved in the act were charged against it. The issue over here is much diversified and complex when we go into the details of the consequences of the act. Firstly, the question arises of what is right and what is permissible? Secondly, the right of making the laws for the right and wrong act is disputed and challenged by mankind, on the basis of his reasoning and self judgment. Moral Issues The organ transplantation has been long debated and addressed by many scholars from both religious and secular perspective. The major issues concerning the wide permissibility of the act are of bypassing the virtue ethics cardinal features: respect for autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence and justice. If we further categorize the ethical dilemmas we can address he organ transplant act under these broad types, which encompass their own challenges when it comes to making a sound and safe decision. These categories are: Transplant organ from a living person. Transplant of organ from a dead person Transplant from a fetus. If we were not being guided by the supreme law, which has been transedented on us, and let us believe, that man has the power of brains over all other logics and laws of nature. Then trying to find any solution for a given problem, or setting any rules to follow for any system to work would have been very difficult. In other words trying to find analogies for God grounded systems is beyond human competence and reasoning. Considering moral principles Considering the issue of organ donation and transplantation, the respect for autonomy is the right to choose for the decision making of certain biomedical ethical dilemma. It not just involves giving respect for the attitude, but also for the action to be performed. From pure secular ethics point, we can relate what Immanuel Kant had recognized from the concept of unconditional worth, stating that each individual has the capacity to determine his or her own moral destiny. To violate a persons autonomy is like treating that person merely as means, without regard to that persons own goals. Example if a person s dead and his organs are taken from his body without his previous advance directives of any such act, then, its again considered to be using that body as a means. But what if that organ was so precious in saving the life of a living person, who could have benefitted humanity if given a chance to live, e.g. a doctor or a well trained militant, etc. this shows the beneficence over the autonomy and serving the utilitarian ethical principle. If we consider the case of organ taken from a fetus, then again who is the ultimate supreme authority to give consent on behalf of that minor? What makes one decides the ruling of a certain act to be just for an individual? Then here comes the question of, who plays the role of the unquestionable evaluator and who among us is eligible to be devoid of all flaws in reasoning and decision making? Does the living donor has the ultimate right over his body or his relatives who have the right to decide the answer to this if another influential family member is the supposed recipient of the organ? A wife cannot take decision over her own medical issues without her husbands will and consent? A poor clan member of a certain tribe falls victim to the Jirga rulings. Similarly what happens to the war prisoners? The freedom fighters in occupied areas, who have been mutilated for organ trafficking? Who plays the role of just decision mak ing and for what principle? Is it justified that Greatest happiness Principle is fulfilled by the Utilitarian approach? Kantian approach, a duty to save human life? Egalitarian approach, to get equal benefit? Communitarian to serve the community benefits at the cost of ones own necessities and health. The questions remains open ended, if we try to rebut the argument with one ethical principle, then the other might get offended. Does virtue ethics answers every thing? Promoting Organ transplantation has three basic issues namely social, religious and political. The controversy still goes on whether to openly accept the permissibility of the act or to completely Bann it. Another important debate is on the issue of burial in case of cadaveric transplants. The question is of the sanctity of the deceased maintained at the time of burial if he is stripped off all his organs and a hollow coffin is buried instead; would any of us want such an end of life. Moreover some people are of the view that every individual holds the right to be buried as a whole and taking out his body organs (in cases when he hasnt left a clear will regarding the issue) despite in all good faith sounds unethical. These delicate and intricate details further complicate the allowance of this transplantation and organ donation act in full context in all diversities of cases. But the arguments strength depends upon careful analysis of each of the cases keeping in mind all kinds of ha rms and benefits ; be it physical, emotional or financial pertaining to the donor, recipient, and / or their families. Argumentative views regarding the retrieval of an organ from a cadaver as being a part of the corpse or not is also an aspect that cannot be overlooked. The controversial role of Advanced Directives has led to two main questions: 1. Does one have legal rights over ones body? 2. If that is the case, then what exactly is wrong with even selling something that belongs to me? Another view held by many individuals is that, so what it is just an organ? People can sell their organs, which is supposedly their ownership, to gain financial benefits for their families. This again holds the view of providing benefit to many, without doing harm(as the removal of organ is done under anesthesia). But doesnt this promotes the evil of organ trafficking which would harm many poor population and weaker ones in the society. This consequentionalist approach is again challenged here. The chain of this reaction would eventually affect many people, be it a good end or a bad. The principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence can be advanced in the context of different issues: like the expertise available, the disclosure of all the possible outcomes and complications of the procedure, for the donor and the recipient, both medical and financial. The support that would be needed by the family and the prognosis of such advanced procedures should be looked into detail to benefit the patient and do no harm to the donor and the family members. The professional may have an influential role on the decision making. The autonomy of the patient is usually surrogated by the financial and moral obligation of the social setup. There is a strong need for a system to keep a check on the medical problems of certain disease transmission through non screened donor organs, the use of unskilled surgeons in removing the organ, organ trafficking and selling, the actual financial damages of the post operative chemotherapy and potential need for the failure of the graft or re-transplantation, the actual life expectancy even after the transplant of individual case etc. Every states constitution differs in some aspect to their religious and cultural norms, example, what ever is permissible in Germany is not accepted in many Muslim states, so the need for a definite, supreme, sovereign law cannot be denied. Conclusion Finding the ultimate law which would be unchallengeable and flawless is yet to be defined by the human nature. The unlimited limits of transedental laws and reasoning begins, where my horizons of imagination and limited reasoning ends. The noble act of organ donation should be encouraged only in the limits drawn by the Shariah rulings of the contemporary times in view of its divines as an act of saving the humankind and helping those who are suffering. It should be given prime importance that these rulings certainly apply to variations of case selection as well.

Parental Involvement in Education Essay -- Parent Involvement in Educat

Parental involvement in education is a vital essential for creating a cooperative environment for the student to thrive and succeed in. When a student knows that he or she is receiving support both inside and outside the school, the chances of that child becoming responsible for and active in their education are more likely. I know that there can be difficulties including parents for many reasons. Such parents may be too busy, uninterested or just feel helpless. However, as an educator, I will still have an obligation to reach out to these parents and assist them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is important to start the year off making parental involvement a top priority. Establishing clear and open lines with the parent early in the year lays the foundation for successful communications later. This can be done in many different ways, such as with a phone call, an email, or a letter mailed or sent home via the students. When the first instance of communication is positive, it will aid in setting a positive tone for parental involvement throughout the whole school year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the initial contact, communication should remain constant. Also, remember that if all of the communication is about solving problems, the parent may feel attacked. Therefore, all communication should reflect concerns as well as successes and accomplishments regarding the child. Dialogue between the parent and teacher should be cooperative, helpful, and meaningful. Both p...

The Perceptions of American Women about “New Beauty Therapy Services for Kids”

The issue of beauty therapy among American women and sometimes men has been around for a long period that no one can really determine, however, the society has undergone great civilization/modernization and recently beauty salons for young kids have started emerging. These salons offer all sort of beauty therapy services ranging from manicure, pedicure, facials and many other beauty therapy services to young girls, due to the fact that the idea has not been in the market for along time the few salons that offer beauty therapy services to young girls charge a lot of money. Nevertheless, this new trend has received both positive and negative sentiments from the American public. I recently carried out a study to investigate the perceptions of the people towards this new idea. I developed a short questionnaire consisting of five questions and distributed them to ten literate and grown up women with young daughters between the ages of three and eight, within my neighborhood, Brooklyn. The questionnaire comprised of questions that were sensitive to various respondents’ perceptions as they allowed for the choosing of more precise answers. [Russ-Eft, D. F. 1980)] For instance, the second question required them to state whether they supported the idea of kids’ beauty therapy services or not, with answer options ranging from, â€Å"I strongly support, I support, I somewhat support, I strongly oppose, I oppose, I somewhat oppose. † The other three questions were depended on the answer to the first question and the second questions. The quest ions were dispatched through a reliable delivery method (hand delivery) and enough time provided for the answering of the questions, the respondents were also advised not to seek assistance from other people. As expected the survey yielded varying responses, with 80% of the respondents indicating that they are aware that kids beauty therapy services have been introduced in the market, while the rest indicated that they are not aware of the new service. Those who were not aware of the new kids’ beauty therapy services were discontinued from the interview as the answers to the rest of the questions depended on the knowledge of the new kids’ beauty therapy service. Interestingly only a paltry 20% of the survey sample who knew about the new kids beauty therapy services indicated that they â€Å"strongly supported† the new service and a further 20% indicated that they â€Å"somehow supported the new service. † 40% indicated that they â€Å"strongly opposed the new service† and the remaining 20% showed that they â€Å"opposed the new service to kids. † Since the answering of the other three questions of the study was dependent on the answer to question number two only 40% of the respondents went on to answer the remaining questions. This is so because the other three questions were meant to elicit the answers as to what needed to be done and what should not be done about the new beauty therapy service to the kids. It was therefore irrelevant for respondents who did not support the idea to continue answering the other questions as they were bound to give out unreliable answers since in the first place they did not have any interests on the new service. [Wentland, E, J. & Smith, K. W. (1993)] Out of the 40% of the survey sample that proceeded with the rest of questions (by virtue of their support to the new kids’ beauty therapy service) 20% indicated they have once or twice taken their young daughters to the kids beauty therapy salons while the remaining 20% showed they have never done so but they were planning to do so in future. Interestingly 30% agreed that indeed the services are good for their young daughters but they are being overcharged and therefore the charges need to be adjusted. The remaining 10% indicated that the charges were reasonable compared to the good beatification services done to the young kids. On the question of whether some services currently in the kids’ beauty therapy package should be scrapped, they all (100%) agreed that some services needs to be removed from the package as they just did not make sense to young kids. [Wentland, E, J. & Smith, K. W. (1993)] The overall response of the five questions was very reliable as it systematically and precisely gave out information on the perceptions of the respondents. From the results this is visible from the answers to question one through question five. The questions were also arranged in a logical manner to avoid clue giving, those who gave â€Å"NO† as their answer to question one were discontinued from the interview as the study was dependent on the knowledge of the issue being investigated i. e. new beauty therapy services for kids. Further, those who had their answer as â€Å"I strongly oppose/ I oppose/I somewhat oppose† for question two were similarly discontinued from the interview. The remaining questions of the survey were about what needed to be done or not about the new service and therefore it was in order to discontinue those who did not know about the service or support it. The main reason behind this was to avoid false and unreliable answers as those did not support the service did not have any business to comment as to what needs to be done or not about the new service. [Russ-Eft, D. F. (1980)] The simple survey comprising of five-question questionnaire gave out very precise information that could have otherwise not been possible if heavily worded questions were used. This helped the respondents to perceive the questions as not bothersome or requiring much of their time and energy and therefore they gave out correct answers according to their perceptions (or lack of them) on the issue being investigated. Again, the survey sample was small (ten literate women) and the questionnaire comprised of simple questions with instructions written in bold attached on core questions to help extract valid and reliable data. The language used in the questionnaire was simple and unambiguous, further still, the questions were very sensitive in order to extract finer details from the respondents, for instance question number two was very prompting to the respondents as it gave six options for answer. Russ-Eft, D. F. (1980)] In conclusion the questionnaire met all the requirements of the specific criteria of a good measurement i. e. reliability, validity, and sensitivity. It is reliable because that gave out results that could repeatedly be got if the same sample was to be used again; it was valid because it followed a systematic procedure and gave out valid results, and it was sensitive because it allowed respondents a more options for answers. [Russ-Eft, D. F. (1980)]